If you’re aiming to build muscle and strength, muscle soreness is often part of the process. Here’s a complete guide to understanding what causes muscle soreness, how to structure your training to avoid unnecessary pain, and when soreness might signal the need to scale back. Plus, we’ll cover the most effective (science-backed) ways to ease that post-workout burn.
What You Need to Know
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Muscle soreness isn’t inevitable: Soreness occurs when tiny tears in your muscle fibers cause inflammation. This process is part of getting stronger and building more resilient muscles.
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The science on recovery tools is mixed: Some research supports using cold therapy or massage guns to reduce soreness. But methods like Epsom salt baths and foam rolling have weaker scientific backing.
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Prevention starts with the basics: The most effective way to reduce soreness is through a consistent routine of healthy eating, anti-inflammatory habits, proper hydration, and quality sleep.
What Causes Muscle Soreness?
During a workout, your muscles experience micro-tears. To repair the damage, your body initiates an acute inflammatory response to clear out the broken-down cells. This repair process is what helps you grow stronger and more muscular.
There are two types of soreness:
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Acute soreness: Felt during or immediately after a workout.
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Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS): Typically starts 12–24 hours after exercise and can last up to 3–7 days.
One common myth is that a workout “didn’t count” unless it leaves you drenched in sweat and too sore to move. But that’s not how muscle science works. Soreness doesn’t always equal a good workout. You’re more likely to feel sore after trying a new exercise or increasing intensity too quickly.
Mild soreness is normal—especially after high-intensity or unfamiliar workouts. But it should never interfere with your daily life. Ideally, you should feel recovered within a day and ready for your next session.
As your body adapts to repeated movements, soreness decreases over time. That’s not a bad thing—it’s a sign of progress.
Also, soreness alone doesn’t guarantee muscle growth. DOMS comes from muscle damage, but more soreness doesn’t mean faster gains. For optimal muscle development, follow a structured strength training plan and ensure you’re getting enough calories and protein to rebuild tissue.
What Workouts Cause the Most Soreness?
Any workout can cause muscle damage, but not all lead to soreness. Larger muscle groups—like your quads, hamstrings, and glutes—are more prone to soreness. Some types of exercise are also more damaging and can trigger more severe DOMS.
You’re more likely to feel sore if:
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You try a new type of workout
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You train hard after a long break
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You do a lot of eccentric movements (where muscles lengthen under tension, like lowering a dumbbell or running downhill)
Examples of DOMS-inducing activities:
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Strength training
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Downhill hiking or running
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Jogging
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Step aerobics
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Jump training
Best Ways to Relieve Muscle Soreness
These expert-recommended and research-supported methods can help:
1. Percussive Therapy Devices
Massage guns and vibration tools have solid evidence supporting their ability to reduce soreness and pain perception.
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A study on adult women found vibration therapy just as effective as traditional massage in preventing DOMS.
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In a 2021 survey, physical therapists said massage guns improve blood flow, reduce pain, and help address myofascial trigger points and range of motion.
2. Anti-Inflammatory Foods and Supplements
Since soreness stems from inflammation, your diet can help manage recovery.
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Eat anti-inflammatory foods: Think leafy greens, fruits, and omega-3-rich options like salmon, tuna, and chia seeds.
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Avoid pro-inflammatory foods: Limit fried food, chips, pastries, and alcohol—these can worsen inflammation and delay recovery.
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Don’t forget protein: It’s critical for repairing damaged muscle. Most active people should aim for at least 100 grams of high-quality protein daily.
3. Cold Water Immersion (Used Strategically)
Cold plunges have gained popularity—and research shows they can work.
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A 2021 meta-analysis of 32 randomized controlled trials showed that cold water immersion within one hour post-exercise can reduce muscle soreness for up to 24 hours.
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That said, frequent cold exposure may interfere with muscle protein synthesis, though it doesn’t seem to affect endurance performance.
Bottom line: Ice baths are best for athletes who need quick recovery between events. Use them sparingly if your goal is long-term strength gains.
4. Apply Heat (or Alternate with Cold)
There’s long-standing debate over whether cold or heat is better for soreness. The answer may be: it depends.
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Cold therapy reduces swelling and dulls pain after new injuries.
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Heat therapy increases circulation, relaxes muscles, and can ease stiffness.
One 2017 study found that using a low-intensity heating pad for 8 hours post-exercise reduced DOMS. Heating after 24 hours had minor benefits too.
Pro tip: You can even alternate cold and heat (contrast therapy). Both are generally safe when used correctly, though people with heart conditions, blood pressure issues, or pregnancy should avoid extreme temperatures.